Hi there,
My name is Bérengère (or here Billie because the locals can’t say my name), and I come from Lyon (France). I like food, most animals, wee bookshops, and jazz. Also I knit, and I’m failing to learn Scottish Gaelic.
On top of that, I am also a PhD student researching bilingualism (because I grew up in a bilingual family. Thanks Mum for inspiring my PhD) and autism (because one day I stumbled upon a book that changed my life, Voyage en Autistan, by Josef Schovanec. I strongly recommend, but be careful, you might end up doing a PhD as well).
To get an idea of what I’m doing, have a look at my first ever talk, available right here -> http://dart.ed.ac.uk/8-things-to-know-about-bilingualism-in-autism-polyglot-conference-2017/
Last but not least, I am writing a blog! Every other week, discover a bit more about what’s happening behind the scene. Teaser: academic & PhD stuff, travels, books, and biscuit contest. Yes, you read that right. Biscuit. Contest. Check this out!
Bilingualism & the Brain
Every skill we master shapes our brain, and bilingualism is no exception. Of course, bilingualism impacts functions related to language, such as the distinction between sounds, or the ability to juggle between complex grammar rules. But the influence of bilingualism goes further. Recently, studies have suggested that it could even impact social cognitive processes beyond language.
Ever heard of “Social Cognition”?
“I think you think that this research project is going to be very exciting”. What I just did is called being overly optimistic perspective taking: I took your perspective, I put myself in your mental shoes. This “perspective taking” can be about what someone else can see, think, or feel. This is part of something broader called “social cognition”.
Social cognition refers to all the thought processes we use when facing a social situation: understanding social rules, putting yourself in someone else’s shoes, or recognising someone’s emotion just by looking at their face. It appears that within the general population, bilinguals do better in social cognition than monolinguals, no matter what their native languages. Studies even show that brain areas involved in social cognition have different sizes and activity levels for monolinguals and bilinguals.
People with autism spectrum disorders (ASD for short) have difficulty with social cognitive processes. The brain regions involved in these processes show differences in size and activity compared to the population without ASD (also called “typically-developed”), possibly explaining their poor performances in social cognition assessments in the lab.
Autism, Social Cognition & … Bilingualism?
Quite often, in the mind of the general public, someone with autism uses limited language. Based on this assumption, the idea of a bilingual with autism seems a bit far-fetched, doesn’t it? As it turns out, it is not. Autism prevalence is growing, the bilingualism-exposed population is growing, and therefore the population of autistic people exposed to bilingualism is growing. At the moment, people with ASD, and the family and carers of children with autism exposed to bilingualism, have no guidance regarding the best course of action for the child: to be raised in a single-language environment or, on the contrary, to be stimulated with several languages. No general studies as yet address this particular matter, but single-case and small sample studies on children with autism who grew up in a bilingual environment show no delay in language or cognitive development.
So what it this all about?
In the present situation, we know that social cognition abilities, which can be a real source of struggle for people with autism, can be enhanced by bilingualism in the typically-developed population. My idea is to check whether bilingualism could also help autistic people to improve these skills.
Social Cognition, every step of the way
The first step is to launch the ABC – Autism & Bilingualism Census across the United-Kingdom. This online survey will give us vital information regarding this very unique population, such as its size, and demographic information, and how they use their languages. The results of this survey will be made available to the public via a flyer circulated to all relevant institutions. The ABC is now closed, and we are analysing the data! Scroll down for more information in the section “What’s happening now?”.
The second part of my project is to define social cognitive processes in the bilingual brain. For this I will recruit typically-developed bilingual adults and assess their linguistic abilities and exposure, as well as their social cognitive abilities with behavioural tests.
The third part of the project addresses the question of these social cognitive processes in the autistic bilingual brain. This time I will recruit autistic bilingual adults who will be assessed in the same way as the typically-developed participants.
For both the second and third parts, the population of interest is multilingual, but the quantity and quality of multilingual exposure is flexible, as are the languages in question. My aim is to see how these different exposures impact social cognition in both populations.
The last steps will be to gather neuroimaging data of the participants, to link their linguistic history and social cognitive abilities to the anatomy and activity of their brain.
Outcomes
My findings will be made available to the public to offer guidance to families and medical professionals concerned by bilingualism in autism.
Overall, this project aims to:
- Characterising precisely the social cognition abilities, as well as the anatomy and activity of the relevant brain networks, in both typically-developed and autistic bilinguals
- Comparing the impact of bilingualism upon typically-developed and autistic participants.
- Provide evidence-based information regarding the impact of bilingualism upon people with autism and offer guidance regarding the use of bilingualism in their daily life.
Who runs the project ?
I am leading this project for my PhD in Psychiatry, under the supervision of Sue Fletcher-Watson, Andrew Stanfield and Antonella Sorace, at the University of Edinburgh, with the financial support of the Patrick Wild Centre.
Where are we now?
ABC -> ABC-Mind -> ABC-Brain -> THESIS
That’s a wrap folks! After more than 3 years designing this project, collecting, and analysing data, I have now FINALLY submitted the PhD thesis (read more about this here). I will keep on working at the Patrick Wild Centre until December, and who knows what will happen next. In any case, feel free to follow my adventures on Twitter or Instagram (details in the right-hand side panel).
My findings will (one day) be published, and I also intend to create accessible outputs, that will be more enjoyable to read that a 15-pages long research article. Keep an eye out for these!
What happened over the last few months
The ABC project on tour!
Before the write up I kept myself busy travelling around to share my findings.
In September 2019 I presented the findings of the ABC-Mind in at the Flux Congress in New York (USA), at the Autism Europe conference in Nice (France), and at the Bilingualism Matters Symposium in Edinburgh (UK). In May 2019 I presented a poster on the ABC at the INSAR conference in Montreal (Canada). In 2019 I also took part in the 3-Minute-Thesis competition, and it was thrilling! I got to the Edinburgh University final! You can watch my talk here, and read about my experience here.
In September 2018 I gave a talk about the ABC at the Autistica Discover conferencein London (UK), and in May 2018 I presented a poster on the ABC at the INSAR conference in Rotterdam (The Netherlands).
In October 2017 I gave my first ever talk on bilingualism in autism at the Polyglot Conference, in Reykjavik (Iceland) ! The talk is now available online, right here.
Left: Presenting the poster to Pixel at Peebles, Rotterdam’s cat café.
Right: Question time at the Polyglot Conference.
Can you get involved ?
The study is now closed, because the PhD has to end eventually. I am now writing up, and even though you can’t take part in the study anymore, feel free to send me words of supports via Twitter or Instagram (details in the right-hand side tab)! It will be greatly appreciated of course, as every little help during the write up!
Contact details
Fore more information on the project (or if you plan to visit Lyon and are looking for some nice spots), you can contact me at berengere.digard@ed.ac.uk or tweet me @BerengereDigard.
To get a sneak peek behind the scenes, click here!
Education
- PhD in Psychiatry – University of Edinburgh (UK)
- Master 2 Research in Neurosciences – Université Claude Bernard de Lyon (France)
- Master 1 in Integrative Biology, Physiology and Neurosciences – Université Claude Bernard de Lyon (France)
- BSc in Biology – Université Claude Bernard de Lyon (France)
Research
- PhD student: Autism, Bilingualism & Social Cognition – Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh (UK)
- Intern: Memory & Neurodegenerative Diseases – Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge (UK)
- Intern: Olfactory Perception, Culture & Labels – Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (France)
Other Experience
- Tutor: Psychology 2 and Child Bilingualism – University of Edinburgh (UK)
- Pint of Science City Co-ordinator – 2016 Lyon (France) & 2017 Edinburgh (UK)
Publications
- Digard, B. G., Sorace, A., Stanfield, A., & Fletcher-Watson, S. (2020). Bilingualism in autism: Language learning profiles and social experiences. Autism. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361320937845
- Ferdenzi, C., Joussain, P., Digard, B., Luneau, L., Djordjevic, J., & Bensafi, M. (2017). Individual Differences in Verbal and Non-Verbal Affective Responses to Smells: Influence of Odor Label Across Cultures. Chemical senses, 42(1), 37-46.
Talks
- Digard, B. G. (2019). Investigating the relationship between bilingualism and perspective taking skills in adulthood. Bilingualism Matters Symposium. Edinburgh, United Kingdom. 21st Septembre.
- Digard, B. G. (2018). Bilingualism in autism, Language profiles and social experiences. Autistica Discover Conference, London, Iceland. 6th Septembre.
- Digard, B. G. (2017). 8 Things about Bilingualism in Autism. Polyglot Conference, Reykjavik, Iceland. 28th Octobre. Accessible at http://dart.ed.ac.uk/8-things-to-know-about-bilingualism-in-autism-polyglot-conference-2017/
Posters
- Digard, B. G., Sorace A., Stanfield A., Fletcher-Watson S. (2019). The effect of bilingualism on visual perspective abilities in autistic adults. Autism Europe Congress, Nice, France. 14th Septembre. Accessible here.
- Digard, B. G., Sorace A., Stanfield A., Fletcher-Watson S. (2019). Investigating the relationship between bilingualism and perspective taking skills in adulthood. Flux Congress, New York, USA. 31st August. Accessible here.
- Digard, B. G., Sorace A., Stanfield A., Fletcher-Watson S. (2019). Autistic polyglots: An analysis of the language experiences, motivations, and atypical learning profiles of autistic multilinguals. International Society for Autism Research Annual Meeting, Montreal, Canada. 4th May. Accessible here.
- Digard, B. G., Sorace A., Stanfield A., Fletcher-Watson S. (2018). Bilingualism in autism: Language learning profiles and social experiences. International Society for Autism Research Annual Meeting, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. 10th May. Accessible here.
- Digard, B. G. & Hornberger, M. (2015).Subcortical structures implication in memory deficit associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Cambridge Memory Meeting, Cambridge, UK. 27th May.
Bonjour !
Je m’appelle Bérengère (ou ici Billie parce que les autochtones ne peuvent pas prononcer mon prénom), et je viens de Lyon (France). J’aime manger et lire de vieux livres trouvés dans de minuscules librairies. Aussi, je tricote (enfin j’essaie) et j’apprends le gaélique écossais (enfin j’essaie).
En dehors de ça je fais aussi un doctorat sur le bilinguisme (parce que j’ai grandi dans une famille bilingue. Merci Maman d’avoir inspiré ma thèse) et l’autisme (parce que un jour je suis tombée sur un livre qui a changé ma vie, Voyage en Autistan, de Josef Schovanec. Je vous le recommande, mais attention, il est possible que vous finissiez par faire un doctorat aussi).
Laissez-moi vous en dire un peu plus sur mon projet (bon, je ne vous promets rien, parce que parler de mon travail en français est plus compliqué que je ne l’aurais cru).
Bilinguisme & Cerveau
Toutes les compétences qu’on maitrise façonne notre cerveau, et il en va de même pour le bilinguisme. Bien sûr le bilinguisme influence les fonctions liées au langage, comme la distinction entre les sons, ou la capacité à jongler entre des règles de grammaire compliquées. Mais l’influence du bilinguisme va plus loin. Récemment des études ont suggéré qu’il pouvait même influencer les processus de cognition sociale au-delà du langage.
Avez-vous déjà entendu parler de «Cognition Sociale » ?
« Je pense que vous pensez que ce projet de recherche va être génial ». Ce que je viens de faire s’appelle être beaucoup trop optimiste « Perspective Taking » (ou prise de perspective, mais ça sonne bizarre) : j’ai adopté votre point de vue, je me suis mise mentalement à votre place. Cette « perspective taking » peut être à propos de ce que quelqu’un peut voir, penser, ou ressentir. Ça fait partie de quelque chose de plus vaste appelé « Cognition Sociale ».
La cognition sociale, ce sont tous les processus mentaux que l’on utilise dans une situation sociale : comprendre les règles sociales, se mettre à la place de quelqu’un d’autre, ou comprendre les émotions de quelqu’un seulement en regardant son visage. Il semble que dans la population générale, les bilingues sont « meilleurs » en cognition sociale que les monolingues, peu importe leur langue maternelle. Des études ont montré que certains régions du cerveau impliquées dans la cognition sociale avaient des tailles et une activité différentes entre bilingues et monolingues.
Les personnes autistes ont des difficultés avec les processus de cognition sociale. Les régions du cerveau impliquées dans ces processus ont aussi des différences de tailles et d’activité comparés à des personnes non autistes, ce qui pourraient expliquer leurs problèmes lors d’exercices de cognition sociale en laboratoire.
Autisme, Cognition Sociale & … Bilinguisme ?
La plupart du temps, pour le grand public, une personne autiste a un usage limité du langage. Du coup, l’idée d’une personne autiste et bilingue semble un peu surréaliste, non ? En réalité, ça ne l’est pas du tout. La prévalence de l’autisme augmente, et la population exposée au bilinguisme augmente, par conséquent la population de personnes autistes exposées au bilinguisme augmente aussi. Pour le moment les personnes autistes et les familles et les aidants des enfants autistes en environnement bilingue, n’ont aucune information concernant la meilleure approche à adopter : élever l’enfant dans une seule langue, ou au contraire renforcer le bilinguisme. Très (très, très) peu d’études à grande échelle se sont concentrées sur cette question, mais des études de cas et des études sur des groupes de petites tailles sur des enfants autistes ayant grandi dans un environnement bilingue ne montrent aucun signe de retard de développement du langage ou d’autres processus mentaux.
Le projet
Pour le moment, on sait que les compétences de cognition sociale, qui peuvent être très problématiques pour les personnes autistes, peuvent être améliorées par le bilinguisme dans la population non-autiste. Mon idée est d’étudier si le bilinguisme peut aussi aider les personnes autistes à développer ces compétences.
¡ Hola !
Me llamo Bérengère (o aquí Billie porque los locales no pueden pronunciar mi nombre), y vengo de Lyon (Francia). Me gusta comer y leer libros viejos encontrados en pequeñitas librerías. También tejo (bueno, intento), y aprendo gaélico escosés (bueno, intento).
Fuera de eso también hago un doctorado sobre bilingüismo (porque me crié en una familia bilingüe. Gracias Mamá por haberme inspirado mi tesis) y autismo (porque un día leí un libro que cambió mi vida, Voyage en Autistan, de Josef Schovanec. Se lo recomiendo, pero cuidado, es posible que acabe haciendo un doctorado también).
Déjame decirle un poquito más sobre mi proyecto (pues, no prometo nada, porque hablar de mi trabajo en español es más complicado que lo creía).
Bilingüismo & Cerebro
Todas las competencias que dominamos modelan nuestro cerebro, y es lo mismo con el bilingüismo. Por supuesto el bilingüismo influencia las funciones relacionadas con el lenguaje, como la distinción entre sonidos, o la capacidad de hacer malabares entre reglas gramaticales complicadas. Pero la influencia del bilingüismo va más lejos. Recientemente estudios han sugerido que puede incluso influir los procesos de cognición social más allá del lenguaje.
¿ Ya ha oído hablar de la cognición social ?
“Pienso que piensa que este proyecto va a ser estupendo”. Lo que acabo de hacer se llama ser demasiado optimista “Perspective Taking” (o toma de perspectiva, pero suena raro): he adoptado su punto de vista, me he puesto en su lugar. Esa “perspective taking” puede ser sobre lo que alguien puede ver, pensar, o sentir. Todo esto forma parte de una cosa más amplio que se llama “cognición social”.
La cognición social, son todos los procesos mentales que usamos en una situación social: entender las reglas sociales, colocarse en el lugar de otra persona, o entender las emociones de alguien solo mirando a su cara. Se parece que en la población general, los bilingües son “mejores” en cognición social que los monolingües, no importa su idioma nativo. Estudios han muestreado que algunas regiones del cerebro implicadas en cognición social tienen tamaños y actividad diferentes entre bilingües y monolingües.
Las personas autistas tienen problemas con los procesos de cognición social. Regiones del cerebro implicadas en esos procesos también tienen tamaños y actividad diferentes comparado con personas sin autismo, lo que podría explanar sus problemas cuando hacen ejercicios de cognición social en laboratorio.
¿ Autismo, Cognición Social & … Bilingüismo ?
A menudo, para el publico, una persona autista tiene un uso limitado del lenguaje. Entonces, la idea de una persona autista y bilingüe parece surrealista, ¿ no ? En realidad, en absoluto no. La prevalencia de autismo esta aumentando, la población esposada al bilingüismo esta aumentando, y por lo tanto la población de personas autistas esposadas al bilingüismo esta aumentando también. Al momento las personas autistas, y los padres y ayudares de niños autistas viviendo en un ambiente bilingüe, no tienen ningún información sobre el mejor enfoque a adoptar: criar el niño con solo un idioma, o al contrario reforzar el bilingüismo. Muy (muy, muy) poco de estudios a gran escala se han concentrado sobre ese pregunta, pero estudios de casos y estudios con grupos de pequeño tamaño con niños autistas que creían en un ambiente bilingüe no muestran ningún signo de retraso de develamiento de lenguaje o otros procesos mentales.
El proyecto
Al momento, sabemos que las competencias de cognición social, que pueden ser muy complicadas para la gente autista, pueden ser mejoradas por el bilingüismo en la gente sin autismo. Mi idea es de estudiar si el bilingüismo también puede ayudar la gente autista a desarrollar esas competencias.